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A smile is a facial expression formed by flexing the muscles near both ends of the mouth [1]. The smile can also be found around the eyes (See 'Duchenne smile' below). Among humans, it is customarily an expression denoting pleasure, happiness, or amusement, but can also be an involuntary expression of anxiety, in which case it is known as a grimace. Cross-cultural studies have shown that smiling is a means of communicating emotions throughout the world.[2] But there are large difference between different cultures.[3] A smile can be spontaneous or artificial (when people feel obliged to smile). Happiness is most often the motivating cause of a smile.

A frown (also known as a scowl) is a facial expression used to show displeasure, sadness or disapproval. The appearance of a frown varies from culture to culture. Although most technical definitions define it as a wrinkling of the brow, in North America it is primarily thought of as an expression of the mouth. In those cases when used iconically, as with an emoticon, it is entirely presented as a curve of the lips facing away from the eyes ('down'). The mouth expression is also commonly referred to in the colloquial English phrase "turn that frown upside down" which indicates changing from sad to happy. It most commonly expresses sadness, dissatisfaction, anger, worry or pain, although it is also a sign of deep concentration.